DIA-Based Proteomics Identifies IDH2 as a Targetable Regulator of Acquired Drug Resistance in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Drug resistance is a critical obstacle to effective treatment in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. To understand the underlying resistance mechanisms in response to imatinib mesylate (IMA) and adriamycin (ADR), the parental K562 cells were treated with low doses of IMA or ADR for 2 months to generate derivative cells with mild, intermediate, and severe resistance to the drugs as defined by their increasing resistance index. PulseDIA-based (DIA [data-independent acquisition]) quantitative proteomics was then employed to reveal the proteome changes in these resistant cells. In total, 7082 proteins from 98,232 peptides were identified and quantified from the dataset using four DIA software tools including OpenSWATH, Spectronaut, DIA-NN, and EncyclopeDIA. Sirtuin signaling pathway was found to be significantly enriched in both ADR-resistant and IMA-resistant K562 cells. In particular, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2 was identified as a potential drug target correlated with the drug resistance phenotype, and its inhibition by the antagonist AGI-6780 reversed the acquired resistance in K562 cells to either ADR or IMA. Together, our study has implicated isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2 as a potential target that can be therapeutically leveraged to alleviate the drug resistance in K562 cells when treated with IMA and ADR.     

内蒙古大青山华北落叶松人工林乔木层碳密度年增量与气象因子的关系

以内蒙古大青山华北落叶松人工林为研究对象，通过树木年轮法和异速生长方程法，计算华北落叶松人工林生物量、碳密度及其年增量的年际变化，并分析碳密度年增量与气温、降水、湿度等气象因子的关系。研究发现：华北落叶松人工林碳密度随着林龄增加的变化曲线可用逻辑斯谛生长方程拟合，在1979—2016年，碳密度由1.05 t/hm~2增加到76.83 t/hm~2。华北落叶松人工林碳密度年增量存在显著的年际差异，总体上呈波动性的“慢-快-慢”趋势，碳密度年增量最高达到3.72 t hm^-2 a^-1,多年平均为2.05 t hm^-2 a^-1。华北落叶松人工林碳密度年增量与上年6月和当年6—8月的降水量显著正相关，与上年11月降水显著负相关；与上年11—12月、当年2月和12月的温度和大气相对湿度分别呈正、负相关；与上年7月、9月及当年8—9月的温度保持显著或极显著正相关。研究表明，温度、湿度和降水主要通过生长季的长短和土壤可利用水分及冬季的雪害冻害影响华北落叶松人工林的碳汇潜力，在未来该地区升温增湿的气候变化趋势下华北...     

长江经济带林地和其他生物质碳储量及碳汇量研究

以全国林业应对气候变化碳汇计量监测体系建设结果数据为基础，应用森林碳库专项调查建立的碳计量模型和参数，结合历次森林资源清查成果等数据，估算了2020年长江经济带林地和其他生物质碳储量和碳汇量。研究表明：（1）2020年长江经济带林地碳储量24543.58 Tg C （其中森林植被碳储量为4372.85Tg C），散生木和四旁树等其他生物质碳储量329.59 Tg C。2020年长江经济带林地碳汇量81.81 Tg C/a （300.26Tg CO₂/a）、散生木和四旁树等其他生物质碳汇量6.60 Tg C/a （24.21 Tg CO₂/a）。无论是林地和其他生物质碳储量、碳汇量、还是森林植被碳储量，乔木林地所占比例最大（69%-85%）；长江经济带11个省市中，云南省最大，上海市最小；林地碳储量中土壤有机质碳库贡献最大（81.46%），林地碳汇量中生物量碳库贡献最大（90.99%）；林地碳汇量中"一直为林地的土地"产生碳汇量贡献最大（71.74%），其中一直为乔木林的土地产生的碳汇量占69.89%；（2）阐述了长江防护林工程、天然林资源保护工程、珠江防护林工程和沿海防护林工程4大重点生态工程对长江经济带碳储量和碳汇量的贡献，长江防护林工程贡献率最大（81%-83%），其次是天然林资源保护工程（32%-38%），珠江防护林工程和沿海防护林工程影响较小。分析了人工造林、中幼林抚育、次生林和低效林改造、退化林修复等生态保护修复措施对长江经济带碳储量和碳汇量的贡献，并提出了碳中和愿景下森林固碳增汇的有效途径。     

Enhanced ozone exposure of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) stimulates nitrogen mobilization from leaf litter and nitrogen accumulation in the soil

Abstract

In a lysimeter study with young beech trees, the effects of elevated ozone concentration on the decomposition and fate of nitrogen in ¹⁵N‐labeled leaf litter were analyzed after one growing season. Nitrogen in the litter was dominated by a relatively inert, residual fraction, but easily decomposable nitrogen was present in substantial amounts. Nitrogen loss was significantly higher at twice‐ambient ozone which was largely attributed to an enhanced mobilization of residual nitrogen. Enhanced mobilization of nitrogen from litter at twice‐ambient ozone exposure resulted in additional ¹⁵N incorporation into the soil down to 30 cm depth. Only 0.41–0.62% of the nitrogen in the litter was incorporated into plant material at both ozone concentrations. Twice‐ambient ozone exposure changed the distribution of the nitrogen taken up from litter inside the beech trees in favor of the shoot, where it may have been used in biosynthetic processes required for defense reactions.     

祁连山南麓高寒湿地生态系统呼吸季节、年际动态及影响因素

由于青藏高原高海拔、低温的特殊环境，使得生态系统呼吸(RE)对气候变化的响应极其敏感，然而对高寒湿地生态系统长时间尺度上的RE动态特征及驱动机制的研究相对薄弱。以青藏高原东北部高寒湿地为研究对象，分析了基于涡度相关系统观测的高寒湿地2004—2016年的CO₂通量排放动态及影响机制，对预测高寒湿地碳平衡对未来气候变化的响应具有重要意义。结果表明：高寒湿地在2004—2016年的月平均RE表现为单峰变化趋势，在8月达到峰值；年RE表现为逐年升高的趋势(P<0.05),年RE均值为(608.9±65.6) g C m^-2 a^-1;生长季RE约是非生长季RE的2.7倍，线性回归分析表明生长季RE(r~2=0.66,P=0.001)、非生长季RE(r~2=0.47,P=0.01)与全年RE呈极显著正相关。在月尺度上，分类回归树分析和线性回归分析表明土壤温度是月RE的最主要控制因素，暗示高寒湿地的土壤呼吸对整个生态系统的碳排放至关重要。在年际尺度上，生长季积温与生长季RE呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而生长季降水(PP...     

Warming increases soil carbon input in a Sibiraea angustata-dominated alpine shrub ecosystem

Plant-derived carbon (C) inputs via foliar litter, root litter and root exudates are key drivers of soil organic C stocks. However, the responses of these three input pathways to climate warming have rarely been studied in alpine shrublands. By employing a 3-year warming experiment (increased by 1.3 °C), we investigated the effects of warming on the relative C contributions from foliar litter, root litter and root exudates from Sibiraea angustata, a dominant shrub species in an alpine shrubland on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The soil organic C inputs from foliar litter, root litter and root exudates were 77.45, 90.58 and 26.94 g C m⁻², respectively. Warming only slightly increased the soil organic C inputs from foliar litter and root litter by 8.04 and 11.13 g C m⁻², but significantly increased the root exudate C input by 15.40 g C m⁻². Warming significantly increased the relative C contributions of root exudates to total C inputs by 4.6% but slightly decreased those of foliar litter and root litter by 2.5% and 2.1%, respectively. Our results highlight that climate warming may stimulate plant-derived C inputs into soils mainly through root exudates rather than litter in alpine shrublands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

Tissue-Characteristic Expression of Mouse Proteome

The mouse is a valuable model organism for biomedical research. Here, we established a comprehensive spectral library and the data-independent acquisition–based quantitative proteome maps for 41 mouse organs, including some rarely reported organs such as the cornea, retina, and nine paired organs. The mouse spectral library contained 178,304 peptides from 12,320 proteins, including 1678 proteins not reported in previous mouse spectral libraries. Our data suggested that organs from the nervous system and immune system expressed the most distinct proteome compared with other organs. We also found characteristic protein expression of immune-privileged organs, which may help understanding possible immune rejection after organ transplantation. Each tissue type expressed characteristic high-abundance proteins related to its physiological functions. We also uncovered some tissue-specific proteins which have not been reported previously. The testis expressed highest number of tissue-specific proteins. By comparison of nine paired organs including kidneys, testes, and adrenal glands, we found left organs exhibited higher levels of antioxidant enzymes. We also observed expression asymmetry for proteins related to the apoptotic process, tumor suppression, and organ functions between the left and right sides. This study provides a comprehensive spectral library and a quantitative proteome resource for mouse studies.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对云南石漠化土壤呼吸的影响

为探明"丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhiza，AM）真菌-植物-土壤"耦合作用对石漠化土壤呼吸季节动态的影响，采用LI-6400-09土壤呼吸室和便携式光合作用测量系统，对圆柏（Sabina chinensis）接种摩西斗管囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae，FM）、根内根孢囊霉（Rhizophagus intraradices，RI）2种AM菌种处理下土壤呼吸季节动态进行野外连续定位观测，并探究AM真菌接种处理下石漠化土壤呼吸速率与植物生长、土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明：（1）相较于对照，接种AM真菌对石漠化生境土壤呼吸季节动态产生了显著影响（P<0.01）。AM真菌处理具有较高的土壤呼吸季节变化幅度，即根内根孢囊霉处理土壤呼吸速率（1.55-9.10 μmol m^-2 s^-1）显著高于摩西斗管囊霉（1.62-8.29 μmol m^-2 s^-1）和对照（1.23-4.46 μmol m^-2 s^-1）；（2） AM真菌接种处理下土壤温湿度变化对土壤呼吸的影响显著大于对照，即土壤温度与水分对土壤呼吸的平均解释量大小顺序为：RI （44.84%；52.35%）>FM （17.18%；41.65%）>CK （2.66%；16.55%）；（3）2种菌种处理下土壤呼吸速率均与土壤有机质、硝态氮、全氮、速效钾、树高、胸径及根系生物量呈显著或极显著正相关（P<0.01或0.05），而与pH呈极显著负相关（P<0.01），但对照处理土壤呼吸速率除与pH呈显著负相关（P<0.05）外，与其它土壤理化指标相关性不显著；（4）土壤温度和水分、硝态氮、铵态氮、有机质、易氧化有机碳、速效钾、全氮及全磷对土壤呼吸变化的贡献最大，而胸径、树高、有效磷、微生物生物量、根系生物量及pH的影响次之。因此，"AM真菌-寄主植物-土壤"相互作用对石漠化生境土壤呼吸季节动态的影响，主要取决于不同AM真菌接种处理对土壤微气候（如含水量）、碳素（有机质、易氧化有机碳）、无机氮库（铵态氮、硝态氮）、根系生物量及磷钾养分可利用性的调控。